STEP TOWARDS IN-SITU ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS IN PAKISTAN
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology has fast emerged as a reliable, powerful and highly prominent candidate for effective in situ removal of soluble and leachable toxic species of metals, radionuclides, organics from contaminated soil and water environment. Many developing countries are now employing this technology with great success for on-site decontamination of waste soils. Nevertheless, in Pakistan, such a technology has never been developed for in-situ remediation of toxic species in waste soils. This paper presents a brief account of our initial efforts made at PINSTECH, Islamabad regarding development and operation of electrokinetic cell for lab-scale remediation of toxic metals (also organic pollutants and radio-metals) and EKR related specific analysis of soil samples collected from three target sites (Korangi Industrial Zone-Karachi, Kala Shah Kaku-G.T. Road, and near Village Nilore, Islamabad).References
US EPA, Recent development for in-situ treatment of metal contaminated soils, EPA-542-R-97-004 (1997a).
S. H. Liu, In-Situ speciation studies of copper in contaminated soils and sludges during EK remediation. Cheng Kung University, (2004).
Y. B. Acar and A. N. Alshawabkeh, J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 27, No. 13 (1993) 2638.
Y. B. Acar and A. N. Alshawabkeh, J. Geotech. Engrg., 122, No. 3 (1996) 173.
Y. B. Acar and A. N. Alshawabkeh, J. Hazard. Mat., 55, No. 1–3 (1997) 322.
K. R. Reddy and S. Chinthamreddy, J. Geotech. & Geoenvir. Engrg., 129, No. 3 (2003) 263.
F. Reuss, Memoires de la societe Imperiale des naturalists de Moscou. 2 (1808) 326.
G. Wiedemann, J. Annalen. Der. Physik. Chemie., 9 (1852) 321.
G. J. Quincke, J. Annalen. Der. Physik., 113 (1861) 513.
S. Pamukcu and J. K. Wittle, J. Environ. Prog., 11, No. 3 (1992) 24I.
G. R. Eykholt, Driving and complicating features of the electrokinetic treatment of contaminated soils. Texas, Austin (1992) 269.
S. O. Kim, S. H. Moon and K. W. Kim, J. Environ.Tech., 21, No. 4 (2000) 417.
S. O. Kim, S. H. Moon, K. W. Kim and S. T. Yun, J. Water. Resear., 36 (2002) 4765.
R. Azzam and W. G. Oey, J. Transp. Porous. Med., 42, No. 3 (2001) 293.
A. O, Mario, Physicochemical and hydro-dynamics aspects of electrokinetics in soil remediation. Florida, USA, (2004).
K. R. Reddy, U. S. Parupudi, S. N. Devulapalli and C. Y. Xu, J. Hazard. Mater., 55 (1997) 135.
K. R. Reddy, C. Y. Xu and S. Chintha-mreddy, J. Hazard. Mater., B84 (2001) 279.
K. R. Reddy, C. Chaparro and R. E. Saichek, J. Environ. Engg., 129, No. 12 (2003) 1137.
K. R. Reddy and P. R. Ala, J. Separ. Sci., Tech., 40, No. 8 (2005) 1701.
E. R. Lindgren, E. D. Mattson and M. Y. Kozak, ASC Symp. Ser., 554 (1994) 33.
S. Laursen, J. Can. Geotech., 34 (1997) 664.
G. R. Eykholt, J. Hazard. Mater., 55 (1997) 171.
A. P. Shapiro and R. F. Probstein, J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 27, No. 2 (1993) 283.
C. M. Fetter, Evaluation of Chromium mobility in electrokinetic environment, (2004) p. 164.
K. R. Reddy and U. S. Parupudi, J. Soil. Contam., 6, No. 4 (1997) 391.
M. J. Harbottle, The use of electrokinetic to enhance the degradation of organic contaminants in soils, Oxford, (2004) p. 237.
S. V. Ho, C. Athmer, P. W. Sheridan, B. M. Hughes, R. Orth, D. Mckensie, P.H. Brodsky, A. Shapiro, R. Thornton, J. Salvo, D. Schultz, R. Landis, R. Griffith and S. Shoemaker, J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 33 (1999) 1086.
K. R. Reddy and R. E. Saichek, J. Envir. Engg., 129, No. 4 (2003) 336.