Dielectric Characterization of XAl2O4 (X = Mg, Zn, Ni) Spinel Ceramics
Abstract
Spherical nanoparticles of XAl2O4 (X = Mg, Zn, Ni) ceramics with large surface area and finely distributed grains, were successfully synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion method. The formation of spinel structure of XAl2O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Dielectric tangent loss was decreased as the frequency was increased while a slight increase in the dielectric parameters was observed as the temperature was increased, mainly due to the thermally activated charge carriers. The behavior of real and imaginary parts of impedance has also been discussed which confirms the results from the tangent loss plot. Energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy gives the true stoichiometric at% and wt% contents of various elements present in the samples. The grain size of the synthesized sample range from 20-70 nm and were obtained when the samples were sintered at 900 ºC for 4 hrs.References
References
K.E. Sickafus and J.M. Wills, “Structure of Spinelâ€, J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., vol. 82, pp. 3279-3292, December 1999.
K. Mocala and A. Navrotsky, “Structural and Thermodynamic
Variation in Nickel Aluminate Spinelâ€, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
vol. 72, pp. 826-832, May 1989.
J.N. Roelofsen, R.C. Peterson and M. Raudsepp, “Structural
variation in nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4)â€, Am. Mineral.,
vol. 77, pp. 522-528, 1992.
I. Ganesh, “A review on magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel:
Synthesis, processing and applicationsâ€, Inter. Mater. Rev.,
vol. 58, pp. 63-112, 2013.
J. T. Bailey and R. Russell, “Sintered spinel ceramicsâ€, Am.
Ceram. Soc. Bull., vol. 47, pp. 1025-1029, 1968.
M. A. Sainz and A. Caballero, “Aluminum oxycarbide formation
on carbon-coated Al2O3_MgO spinelâ€, Key Engineering Materials,
vol. 132-136, pp. 864-847, 1997.
J.G. Li, T. Ikegami and T. Mori, “Fabrication of translucent
magnesium aluminum spinel ceramicsâ€, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
vol. 85, pp. 2866–2868, November 2000.
G. Gusmano, G. Montesperelli and G. Mattogno, “Microstructure
and electrical properties of MgAl2O4 thin films for humidity
sensingâ€, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 76, pp. 743-750, March 1993.
R. Smith, D. Bacorisen and K. E. Sickafus, “Dynamical
simulations of radiation damage in magnesium aluminate spinel,
MgAl2O4â€, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 17, pp. 875-891, 2005.
G. Baudin, R. Martinez and P. Pena, “High-temperature
mechanical behaviour of stoichiometric magnesium spinelâ€, J. Am.
Ceram. Soc., vol. 78, pp. 1857-1862, July 1995.
V. Montouillout and J. P. Coutures, “Characterization of MgAl2O4
Precursor powders prepared by aqueous routeâ€, J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., vol. 82, pp. 3299-3304, December 1999.
S. Bhaduri., S.B. Bhaduri and K.A. Prisbrey, “Auto ignition
synthesis of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 and related
nanocompositesâ€, J. Mater. Res., vol. 14, pp. 3571-3580, 1999.
L. R. Ping, A. M. Azad and T. W. Dung, “Magnesium aluminate
(MgAl2O4) spinel produced via self-heat-sustained (SHS)
techniqueâ€, Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 36, pp. 1417-1430, 2001.
P. Jeevanandam, Y. Koltypin and A. Gedanken, “Preparation of
nanosized nickel aluminate spinel by a sonochemical methodâ€,
Mater. Sci. Engg., vol. 90, pp. 125-132, March 2002.
M. Zawadzki, “Hydrothermal synthesis of nanoporous zinc
aluminate with high surface areaâ€, Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 35,
pp. 109-114, 2000.
A. Saberi, F. G. Fard, M. W. Porada and Z. Negahdari, “A novel
approach to synthesis of nanosize MgAl2O4 spinel powder through
sol–gel citrate technique and subsequent heat treatmentâ€, Ceram.
Inter., vol. 35, pp. 933-937, April 2009.
B. D. Cullity and S. R. Stock, “Elements of X-ray diffractionâ€, 3rd
edition, 2001, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Y. Han, L. Li, W. Xia, Y. Liu and X. Ren, “Dielectric relaxation in
LiNbO3-MgAl2O4 nanocompositeâ€, Mater. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 94-96,
S. Angappan, L. J. Berchmans and C.O. Augustin, “Sintering
behavior of MgAl2O4 – a prospective anode materialâ€, Mater. Lett.,
vol. 58, pp. 2283-2289, 2004.
M. J. Iqbal, B. Ismail, C. Rentenberger and H. Ipser, “Modification
of physical properties of semiconducting MgAl2O4 by doping with
a binary mixture Co and Zn ionsâ€, Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 46,
pp. 2271-2277, 2011.
B.X. Weiand and D.Chen, “Synthesis and characterization of nano
sized zinc aluminate spinel by sol-gel techniqueâ€, Mater. Lett., vol.
, pp. 823-827, March 2006.