CONSERVATION OF BIO-CONTROL AGENTS IN COTTON, GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L. FIELD BY FOOD SUPPLEMENTS FOR INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT
Abstract
The study reports the use of artificial food sprays to conserve the parasitoids and predators for the management of insect pests in cotton field. Cotton crop was treated with bio-control agents, Chrysoperla carnea and Trichogramma chilonis alongwith different food attractants such as protein hydrolysate and sugar alone and in combination in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied on one-acre field with three replications. Results showed that the chemicals tested helped in increasing the populations of beneficial insects including; C. carnea, T. chilonis and Orius spp., in the field. The populations of C. carnea and T. chilonis were found the highest in the combined treatment of protein hydrolysate and sugar as compared to other treatments where protein hydrolysate and sugar were used separately. However, the population of Orius spp. was higher in the treatment where only sugar solution was sprayed as food supplement. Consequently, incorporation of food supplements in the trial increased the establishment of natural enemies and subsequently the predation/ parasitism percentage enhanced on the insect pests of cotton.References
Anonymous, Pakistan Economic Survey,
Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan
(2010) 16.
N. Sarwar, A.K Rashid, Y. Sumaira, M.H.
Zahid and F.J. Farhat, Pakistan Journal of
Botany 40 (2008) 1965.
E.T. Natwick. Cotton insects and production,
Colorado River cotton growers association,
EI Centro, CA. (1987) 3.
L.A. Carruth and L. Moore, Journal of
Economic Entomology 66 (1973) 187.
A.R. Van Steenwyk, N.C. Toscano, G.R.
Bollmer and K. Kido, Environmental
Entomology 4 (1975) 993.
V.T. Sundaramurthy and R.T. Gahukar,
Outlook on Agriculture 27 (1998) 247.
M. Ashraf, B. Fatima, T. Hussain and N.
Ahmad, Biological Control: An essential
component of IPM programme for sugarcane
borers. Proc. Symposium on biological
control in the tropics. MARDI Training Centre,
Serdang, Srlanger, Malaysia, March, 17-18.
(1999) 38.
S.E. Naranjo, Environmental Entomology 22
(1993) 1051.
R.E. Stinner, Rastitelna Zashchita 24 (1976)
D. A. Nordlund and R.K. Morrison. Mass
rearing of Chrysoperla spp. In: Anderson, T.
E., N.C. Leppla (eds). Advances in insect
rearing for research and pest management.
Boulder, Colorado Westview press (1992)
C.P.C. Suh, D.B. Orr and J.W.V. Duyn,
Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (2000)
D.B. Orr, C.P.C. Suh, K.W. MeCravy, C.W.
Berisford and G.L. Debarr, Canadian
Entomol. 132 (2000) 373.
R.G.D. Steel and J.H. Torrie. Principles and
Procedures of Statistic. A biometric
approach. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York. (1980).
D.L.J. Quicke, Entomologia Experimentalis et
Applicata 91 (1997) 67.
J.C. Van Lenteren, A. Van Vianen, H.F. Gast
and A. Kortenhoff, J. Appl. Entomol. 103
(1987) 69.
L.R. Baggen and G.M. Gurr, Biolog. Control
(1998) 9.
H.S. Jacob and E.W. Evans, Environ.
Entomol. 29 (2000) 1088.
G.M. Gurr and H.I. Nicol. Aust, J. Entomol.
(2000) 185.
K.S. Hagen. Ecosystem analysis: plant
cultivars (HPR), entomophagous species and
food supplements. In: D. J. Boethel and R. D.
Eikenbary (eds.), Interactions of plant
resistance and parasitoids and predators of
insects. Wiley, New York (1986 )151.
C.P. Clausen, H.A. Jaynes and T.R. Gardner,
Further investigations of the parasites of
Popillia japonica in the far-east. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Tech. Bull. 336, Washington DC.
(1993).
H.G. Baker and I. Baker, A brief historical
review of the chemistry of floral nectar, pp
-152. In: B. Bentley and T. Elias (eds.),
The biology of nectaries. Columbia University
Press, New York (1983).
S. England and E.W. Evans, Environ.
Entomol. 26 (1997) 1437.
H.S. Jacob and E.W. Evans, Environ.
Entomol. 27 (1998) 1563.
W.J. Lewis, J.O. Stapel, A.M. Cortesero and
K. Taksau, Biological Control 11 (1998) 175.
M.E. Rogers and D.A. Potter, Entomol. Exp.
Appl. 102 (2002) 307.
M.E. Rogers and D.A. Potter, United States
Golf Assoc. Green Section Record 40 (2003)
K.S. Hagen, E.F. Sawall Jr and R.L. Tassan,
The use of food sprays to increase
effectiveness of entomophagous insects.
Proc. of the Tall Timbers Conference on
Ecology of Animal Control by Habitat
Management (1970) No. 2. Tall Timber
Research Station, Tallahassee, FL. (1971)
K.S., Hagen, P. Greany, E.F. Sawall Jr and
R.L. Tassan. Environ. Entomol. 5 (1976) 458.
K.V. Krombein. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 41
(1948) 58.
T.R. Gardner and L.B. Parker. Investigations
of the parasites of Popillia japonica and
related Scarabaeidae in the far-East from
to 1933, inclusive. U. S. Dept. Agric.
Bull., 738, Washington, DC. (1940).