MEASUREMENT OF RADON (222Rn) CONCENTRATION AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE NORTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN
Abstract
Radon (222Rn) concentration has been measured using CN-85 solid-state nuclear track detectors in the dwellings of Northern Areas of Pakistan at different altitudes. The CN-85 detectors, installed in box type radon dosimeters, were exposed for a period of one year. The average radon concentration level has been found at altitudes 3020 m, 3540 m, 3665 m and 4265 m above sea level and the 222Rn concentrations were found to be (16.4±2.5) Bq m-3, (21.7±4.8) Bq m-3, (13.8±3.2) Bq m-3 and (19.3±3.4) Bq m-3, respectively. It has been observed that there are no significant differences in the radon concentrations with different altitudes. However, differences in concentrations were observed with types of rooms attributed to better ventilation, atmospheric parameters and source of radon present in the soil. These results have been compared with radon concentration measurement found in literature. The 222Rn concentration measured in the area under study is found below the permissible level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for public exposure.References
S. Israelsson, E. Knudsen and E. Ungethum, Tellus 25 (1973) 281.
D.S. Pressyanov, M.G. Guelev and B.G. Sharkov. Atmosphere and Environment 29 (1995) 3433.
UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation, A/AC-82/R 441 (1986) 113.
H.A. Khan, I.E. Qureshi and M. Tufail, Radiat. Prot. Dos. 46 (1993) 149.
M. Tufail, N. Ahmad, S.M. Mirza, N.M. Mirza and H.A. Khan, The Science of the Total Environment 121 (1992) 283.
H. Friedmann, Radon in Austria (2002). In: W. Bukart, M. Shorabi, A. Bayer (Eds.) Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects. Munich, Germany, (September 4-7, 2000) 162.
S. Roth, A. Kies, V. Minten and M. Feide (2002). A review of indoor radon level in Luxemburg. In: W. Bukart, M. Shorabi, A. Bayer, (Eds.). Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects. Munich, Germany, (September 4-7, 2000) 204.
V.S. Lakovleva and V.D. Karataev, Radiat. Meas. 34 (2001) 501.
G. Espinosa and R.B. Gammage, Radiat. Prot. Dos. 85 (1999) 325.
A. Canoba, F.O. Lopez, M.I. Arnaud, A.A. Oliveria, R.S. Neman, J.C. Hadler, P.J. Junes, S.R. Paulo, A.M. Osorio, R. Aparecido, C. Rodriguez, V. Moreno, R. Vasquez, G. Espinosa, J.I. Golzarri, T. Martinez, M. Navarrete, I. Cabrera, Segovia. Pena., E. Tamez, P. Pereyra, M.E. Lopez-Herrera and L. Sajo-Bohus, Radiat. Meas. 34 (2001) 483.
A. Srivastava, M.R. Zaman, K.K. Dwivedi and T.V. Ramachandrana, Radiat. Meas. 34 (2001) 497.
H.S. Virk and N. Sharma, 1997. A survey of indoor radon and thoron levels in dwellings in Himachal Pardesh, India. In: W. Bukart, M. Shorabi and A. Bayer, (Eds.) Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects. Munich Germany, (September 4-7, 2000) 193.
S. Singh, R. Malhotra, J. Kumar and L. Singh, Radiat. Meas. 34 (2001) 505.
S. Singh, A. Kumar and B. Singh, Environ. Inter. 20 (2002) 97.
K.N. Yu, E.C.M. Young, M.J. Stokes, Z.J. Guan and K.W. Cho, Health Phys. 73 (1997) 373.
H.A. Khan, Radiat. Meas. 22 (1993) 355.
M. Akram, N.U. Khattak, A. Iqbal, A.A. Qureshi, K. Ullah and I.E. Qureshi, Radiat Meas. 40 (2005) 695.
M. Faheem, N. Mati and Matiullah, J. Radiol. Prot. 27 (2007) 493.
M. Faheem and Matiullah, Radiat. Meas. 43 (2008) S380.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), ICRP Pub. 65 Ann. CRIP. 23 (1993) 1.
NRPB, 1990. Statement by the National Radiological Protection, Doc. NRPB 1 (1990) 15-16.
European Commission (EC), Official Journal European Commission L80, 26-28 (90/143/Euretom) (1990).
J.C.H. Miles, B.M.R. Green and P.R. Lomas, Doc, NRPB 3 (1992) 19.
R.L. Fleisher, Nucl. Tracks and Radiat. Meas. 14 (1988) 421.
A.L. Frank and E.V. Benton, Nuclear Tracks Detectors 1 (1977) 149.
T. Domanski, W. Chruscielewski and M. Hofmann, Health Physics 40 (1981) 211.
R.L. Fleisher, P.B. Price and R.M. Walker, 1975, Nuclear Tracks in Solids; Principles and Applications, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
R.L Fleisher, Health Phys. 47 (1984) 263.
I.E. Qureshi, M. Tufail, H. Saleem and H.A. Khan, Nucl. Tracks and Radiat. Meas. 19 (1991) 385.
S.A. Durrani and R. Illic, Radon measurement by Etched Track Detectors. Applications to Radiation Protection. Earth Sciences and the Environment. World Scientific Singapore Eds. (1997).
V.A. Nikolaev and R. Illic, Radiat. Meas. 30 (1999) 1.
M. Tufail, M.A. Khan, N. Ahmad, H.A. Khan and M. S. Zafar, Radiat. Prot. Dosim, 40 (1992) 39.
UNSCEAR, 2000 Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations, New York
S.A. Khan, S. Ali, M. Tufail and A.A. Qureshi, Radioprotection 40, No. 1 (2005) 11.
A. A. Qureshi, D. M. Kakar, M. Akram, N.U. Khattak, M. Tufail, K. Mehmood, K.Jamil and H. A. Khan, J. Environ. Radioact. 48 (2000) 203.
K. Jamil and S. Ali, J. Environ. Radioact. 54 (2001) 415.
Matiullah, A. Ahad, S. Rehman and M.L. Mirza, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 107, (2003) 269.
S. Rahman, Matiullah, Z. Rahman, N. Mati and B.M. Ghauri, Radiat. Meas. 42 (2007) 304.